We
live in an age where the latest technology and gadgets are king, but
sometimes the most low-tech methods can produce good medical results.
Mosquito nets, key in the fight against malaria, are now also
being used to repair hernias - the most common operation in the world.The hope is to save some of the estimated 50,000 lives lost in Africa each year to untreated hernias.
Hernias
- The two most common types of hernia are called 'inguinal' (75% of cases) and 'umbilical' (10-15%).
- Inguinal hernias appear in the groin and mostly affect children under two and men over 55.
- If left untreated, inguinal hernias can balloon to massive proportions - known as wheelbarrow hernias (see image).
- Men are more susceptible than women due to a natural weakness in the abdominal wall caused by the spermatic cord exiting the body to connect with the testes.
- Hernias can have a dramatic impact on people's lives and ability to work. If the blood supply to the hernia is cut off when it becomes too large, the patient can die.
Globally, one in four men will be affected during their lifetime.
"In the UK and US, we usually mend hernias with surgical
mesh, but these cost around US$30 each and are too expensive for
hospitals in resource-poor countries," says Prof Andrew Kingsnorth, a
hernia specialist at Plymouth's Derriford Hospital. "Then a doctor in India called Ravi Tongaonkar came up with the idea of using mosquito mesh as an alternative."
Beating the bulge Hernias occur when a part of the bowel gets pushed through a hole or tear in the muscle wall of the abdomen. This is usually caused by straining, heavy lifting, chronic constipation or even having a severe cough.
Due to a quirk of anatomy, men are nine times more susceptible than women.
In most people, a hernia first appears as a small lump in the groin, which pops out when a person coughs or strains. But if left untreated, more intestine can be pushed out - resulting in hernias the size of a football.
Even more serious is when the hole in the abdominal wall starts restricting the blood supply to the intestines on the outside, causing a painful and potentially life-threatening 'strangulated hernia'.
The most effective way to treat hernias is to patch up the hole with a piece of mesh. It's a simple procedure that completely cures the problem.
But in 1994, Indian surgeon Dr Ravi Tongaonkar investigated using sterilised mosquito mesh as a low-cost substitute for the expensive commercial meshes currently in use.
"Polypropylene mesh is the best material available, but it's very costly," says Dr Tongaonkar. "In a developing country like India, poor patients cannot afford this."
Under the microscope, surgical mesh (L) and mosquito mesh (R) look almost identical
His mosquito meshes work out around 4,000 times cheaper than imported mesh and he has used them to fix 591 hernias.But using them doesn't necessarily mean they're as good as the real thing.
'Makes no difference' To investigate their effectiveness, specialist gastrointestinal surgeon David Sanders carried out a study which looked at the two meshes under powerful microscopes and performed stringent tests on their physical properties.
He found that it was pretty much impossible to tell them apart.
OTHER EVERYDAY LIFESAVERS
- Credit cards for bee stings Bees leave their stinger behind along with the venom sac. This can take a few minutes to empty completely, so removing it as soon as possible can make the sting less painful. Tweezers invariably squeeze out the rest of the venom into the skin, so a credit card is recommended instead. Scrape it over the site of the sting in the direction of the stinger to lift it out.
- Cling film for burns "Cling film makes an excellent dressing for burns," says Clive James from St John Ambulance. "It's virtually sterile off the roll, it only sticks to itself and it's see-through, which is handy when you get to hospital." Cling film is so good that paramedics regularly use it when getting a burn victim to hospital.
- Tea towels for bleeding If someone is bleeding heavily, a just-ironed tea towel can provide a semi-sterile wound dressing. "Even with a dirty tea towel, in a first aid situation it's about priorities," says James. "The aim is to stop the blood coming out. Any infection can be sorted out by the hospital."
- Drills for brain surgery Although definitely not one to try at home, the humble power drill has been used in emergencies to relieve the pressure of bleeding on the brain. An under-resourced surgeon in Ukraine has also turned to a standard drill in order to perform brain surgery.
"The only difference is the polymer used to make them," says Dr Sanders, "but it makes no difference clinically."
Sanders is also keen to point out that doctors should not go
out and use any old mosquito mesh, as they are not all made in the same
way and some are impregnated with chemicals such as DEET."It's really important to standardise the type of mesh that's used so we know it's safe," he told the BBC. "These experiments mean we now know what it should look like."
Prof Kingsnorth, who leads the charitable organisation Operation Hernia, is now looking to introduce the mosquito mesh in places where hernia repair costs are currently prohibitive.
"We have trained surgeons in Ghana, Nigeria, Cote D'Ivoire, Gambia, Rwanda, Malawi, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, India, Moldova, Ukraine and Cambodia," he told the BBC.
"In mid-September we will also be travelling to a remote area of Mongolia."
Not everyone is convinced by using mosquito mesh. In Rwanda for example, it's been decided that hospital staff must stick to using conventional surgical brands.
But evidence is already building that could one day see mosquito mesh as an alternative in which people can feel confident.
And a long-term follow-up study of over 700 patients has shown that even 10 years later, mosquito mesh was still going strong.
